Review of Nuclear Heating Measurement by Calorimetry in France and USA

This paper gives a short review of sensors dedicated to measuring nuclear heating rate inside fission reactors in France and USA and especially inside Material Testing Reactors. These sensors correspond to heat flow calorimeters composed of a single calorimetric cell or of two calorimetric cells at least with a reference cell to obtain a differential calorimeter. The aim of this paper is to present the common running principle of these sensors and their own special characteristics through their design, calibration methods, and in-pile measurement techniques, and to describe multi-sensor probes including calorimeters.