Microbiology Aspects of Rhinosinusitis

Rhinosinusitis with its chronic benign course, failure in antibiotic treatment and acute exacerbations, usually require multiple courses of antibiotics or surgical procedures, or both. Nowadays, the pathogenic mechanisms of microbes in rhinosinusitis have gradually been revealed. Many current hypotheses focus on the formation of biofilms, bacterial superantigens, cytokine dysregulation, and abnormalities of cell-mediated immune responses (Kilty & Desrosiers, 2008; Zhang et al., 2005, Post et al., 2004).