Potassium and magnesium abnormalities: Diuretics and arrhythmias in hypertension

Thiazide diuretics are widely accepted as the cornerstone of antihypertensivetreatment programs. Hypokalemia is a commonly encountered metabolic consequence of long-term thiazide therapy but the effect of thiazide on serum magnesium is less well known. Thirty-eight patients (22 low renin, 16 normal renin) with moderate diastolic hypertension were treated with hydrochlorothiazide administered twice a day. The initial daily dose was 50 mg; this was increased at four week intervals to 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg. Dose escalation wasdiscontinued when either normalization blood pressure was attained or the 200 mg dose level was reached. Patients were then maintained with their hydrochlorothiazide dose for 24 weeks of continuous thiazide monotherapy. The serum potassium during the control period was 4.5±0.2 mmol/liter. During dose escalation and long-term maintenance therapy, the serum potassium and magnesium levels fell in a step wise, dose-dependent fashion. In another 38-patient study, the effects of hydrochlorothiazide therapy (100 mg daily) on the occurence of premature ventricular contractions were observed during rest as well as durign static and dynamic exercise. During rest 0.6±0.08 premature ventricular contractions per minute (mean±SEM) were observed, and during dynamic exercise 0.8±0.15 premature ventricular contractions per minute. During hydrochlorothiazide therapy (50 or 100 mg per day) premature ventricular contractions per minute were 1.4 and 5.7, respectively. The occurrence of premature ventricular contractions correlated significantly with the decrease observed in serum potassium (r=0.71, p