Consolidative dendritic cell-based immunotherapy elicits cytotoxicity against malignant mesothelioma

Rationale: We previously demonstrated that dendritic cell-based immunotherapyinducedprotectiveantitumorimmunitywitha prolongedsurvival rate in mice. However, the clinical relevance is still in question. To examine this, we designed a clinical trial using chemotherapy followed by antigen-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination in mesothelioma patients. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the safety and immunological response induced by the administration of tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells in patients with mesothelioma. Methods: Ten patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma receivedthreevaccinationsofclinical-gradeautologousdendriticcells intradermally and intravenously at 2-week intervals after chemotherapy. Each vaccine was composed of 50 3 10 6 mature dendritic cells pulsed with autologous tumor lysate and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as surrogate marker. Delayed-type hypersensitivity activity to tumor antigens and KLH was assessed, both in vivo and in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells during the treatment were analyzed for immunological responses. Measurements and Main Results: Administration of dendritic cells pulsed with autologous tumor lysate in patients with mesothelioma was safe with moderate fever as the only side effect. There were no grade 3 or 4 toxicities associated with the vaccines or any evidence of autoimmunity. Local accumulations of infiltrating T cells were found at the site of vaccination. The vaccinations induced distinct immunological responses to KLH, both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly,afterthreevaccinations,cytotoxicactivityagainstautologous tumor cells was detected in a subgroup of patients. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that autologous tumor lysatepulsed dendritic cell‐based therapy is feasible, well-tolerated, and capable of inducing immunological response to tumor cells in mesothelioma patients. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00280982).