Sonographic features suggestive of amyloidosis in hemodialysis patients: Relations to serum beta2-microglobulin

Abstract Aim of the work To determine sonographic features suggestive of amyloidosis in hemodialysis patients complaining of shoulder pain, and to study their relations to serum beta2-microglobulin (β2M). Patients and methods Clinical examination, skeletal survey, musculoskeletal ultrasonography of the shoulder joints, and serum β2M were done for 32 patients with end stage renal disease, who were regular on hemodialysis. Results Serum β2M levels were markedly raised in all patients, and increased with increasing duration of dialysis ( r  = 0.91, p 7 mm, and thickening of the biceps tendon >4 mm, 30 had synovial deposits, 27 had subdeltoid bursa effusion, 25 had thickened subacromial bursa, 7 had supraspinatus tendon tear, and 17 had bony erosions. Serum β2M levels significantly correlated with thickened supraspinatus tendon (>7 mm) and supraspinatus tendon tear ( r  = 0.41, p  = 0.03 and r  = 0.42, p  = 0.01 respectively). Long time on hemodialysis was the significant independent determinant for supraspinatus tendon tear and humeral head erosions ( p  = 0.001 for each). Conclusion Elevated serum β2M levels and sonographic features suggestive of dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) were found in all hemodialyzed patients complaining of shoulder pain either with or without clinical and/or radiological features suggestive of DRA. So, for diagnosis of DRA, sonographic features should correspond to the presence of clinically or radiologically evident β2M amyloid, and we should exclude other causes of non-amyloid changes.