A Review of Haptic Spatial Abilities in the Blind

Abstract We review evidence of spatial abilities in the blind and address proposed limitations of haptic perception (the combination of tactile, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic information) in forming spatial representations. In particular, we counter the idea that touch is sequential and permits only egocentric representations. We consider specific spatial abilities of the blind with regards to development, and two-dimensional depictions of space. We conclude that spatial capacities in the blind are not diminished compared to those of the sighted.