The Use of Forensic DNA on the Conservation of Neotropical Mammals

Within the planet, the Neotropics region is one of the richest in animal diversity with more than 1500 mammalian species. However, the Neotropics is no stranger to the massive loss of biodiversity happening worldwide. Habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, extraction of natural resources and introduction of exotic species are just some of the factors affecting animal survival. In this regard, poaching and illegal traffic of species not only aggravate the situation, but are one of the major threats affecting Neotropical mammal biodiversity. The analysis of forensic DNA has become an important tool for the resolution of crimes involving animals, allowing the identification of a sample or product to the species level, the identity of individuals and their geographical origin assignment. However, for many species, we still lack genetic information and the appropriate tools to address these issues. In some cases unavailable specie-specific molecular markers or their inadequate representation in genetic databases are major limitations. The use of DNA evidence in the court requires application of statistical principles that strongly rely on prior knowledge of the phylogeny, phylogeography and population genetics of the species in question. As in human identification, animal forensic DNA analysis must follow validated methodology and high-quality standards. In this chapter, we review the application of forensic DNA typing to Neotropical mammal conservation and discuss recent advances, shortcomings and challenges faced in this fast-growing field.