Optogenetics: Novel Brain Interface Technology That Originates in Bioprospecting

Optogenetics is a brain stimulation technique in which the activity of stimulable cells, such as neurons or astrocytes, is modulated by exposing target cells to pulses of appropriate wavelengths. Prior to optogenetic experiments, we deliver specific genetic constructs to target cells to express light-activated ion channels or ion pumps and produce light sensitivity. Once these proteins are produced, we can precisely modulate cellular activity by exposing such cells to sequences of light pulses. Optogenetics, combined with recording methods, is widely used to develop complex brain computer interface platforms. Unique features of optogenetic stimulation, including specific cell-type targeting or bidirectional control of cellular activity, have allowed researchers to use the method in the study of brain networks, finding projections, or in dissociating circuitries of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we briefly review the essence of the technology, pros and cons of the method, major applications of the technique, and some potential directions for future research.