Pulmonary Mycobacterium simiae infection: comparison with pulmonary tuberculosis

To identify the clinical and radiological features distinguishing Mycobacterium simiae respiratory infection from pulmonary tuberculosis, the demographics, underlying conditions, and clinical and radiological findings of 121 consecutive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 102 with M. simiae respiratory infection were compared retrospectively. In the M. simiae group, the patients were older (mean age 69 ± 16 years vs. 47 ± 21 years, p = 0.0001), with a female predominance (62% vs. 45%, p = 0.008). Only 4% were of Ethiopian origin compared to 25% of the tuberculosis group (p = 0.0001). M. simiae infection was associated with significantly higher rates of smoking history, underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, zero human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection compared to 10% in the tuberculosis group (p = 0.001), blunted symptoms, and noncavitary infiltrates in the lower/middle lobes on chest X-ray. HIV-negative patients with M. simiae respiratory infection are distinguishable from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis by several demographic, clinical, and radiological features. These findings have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.