CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY

2. Pathophysiology 2.1. Chronic venous insufficiency is caused by: • Superficial venous reflux (varicose veins, v. saphena magna / parva incompetence) • Deep venous reflux: o Primary o Secondary to DVT (post-phlebitic/post thrombotic syndrome), AV fistulas, AV-malformation • Perforator vein reflux not as important as an isolated abnormality, usually in association with superficial or deep venous reflux • Deep vein occlusion (e.g post thrombotic, trauma, extrinsic compression, tumor) • Impaired muscle pump (neurological, musculo-skeletal)