Influence of the work function of chemically modified indium-tin-oxide electrodes on the open-circuit voltage of heterojunction photovoltaic cells

To understand the origin of the open-circuit voltage of heterojunction photovoltaic (HJ-PV) cells with small-molecular-weight organic thin films, HJ-PV cells with ITO/donor (20 nm)/fullerene (40nm)/bathocuproine (10nm)/Al were studied using three kinds of donors and four types ITOs with different work functions.