TGF‐β antagonist attenuates fibrosis but not luminal narrowing in experimental tracheal stenosis

Objective Acquired tracheal stenosis (ATS) is an unusual disease often secondary to prolonged mechanical trauma. Acquired tracheal stenosis pathogenesis involves inflammation and subsequent fibrosis with narrowing of the tracheal lumen. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) represents a pivotal factor in most fibrotic processes, and therefore a potential target in this context. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of TGF-β as a target for anti-fibrotic interventions in tracheal stenosis. Methods Human stenotic tracheobronchial tissues from patients with benign airway stenosis and normal controls from pneumonectomy specimens were analyzed. Tracheal stenosis was induced in adult NZ rabbits by a circumferential thermal injury to the mucosa during open surgery and re-anastomosis. Rabbits were treated postoperatively with a peritracheal collagen sponge containing a TGF-β peptide antagonist (p17) or vehicle. Fibrosis was determined by Masson's trichrome staining, and smooth muscle cell α-actin+ (α-SMA+ Confirm accuracy.) myofibroblasts, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and p-Smad2/3 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results Human and rabbit stenotic tissues showed extensive submucosal fibrosis, characterized by significantly increased α-SMA+ myofibroblasts and CTGF expression. In human stenotic lesions, increased p-Smad2/3+ nuclei were also observed. p17 treatment significantly reduced the fibrotic thickness, as well as the density of α-SMA+ myofibroblasts and CTGF+ cells in rabbit stenotic lesions, but failed to improve the luminal area. Conclusion ATS is characterized by a TGF-β dependent fibrotic process, but reduction of the fibrotic component by TGF-β1 antagonist therapy was not sufficient to improve tracheal narrowing, suggesting that fibrosis may not be the main contributor to luminal stenosis. Level of Evidence NA. Laryngoscope, 127:561–567, 2017