Grain Refinement and Improvement of Solidification Defects in Direct-Chill Cast Billets of A4032 Alloy by Melt Conditioning

The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) ofthe UK and Chinalco 474 (China) areacknowledged for providing financial support. Dr. F.Gaois gratefully 475 acknowledged for technical assistancewiththermodynamic calculations. The valuable and 476 constructive comments and suggestions from reviewers are sincerely appreciated.