Fundamentals of innovation in chemical engineering

In his work, M. Faraday noted that in all physical and chemical processes there is an analogy of energy phenomena (heat exchange and electric current between material objects, combustion, phase transitions, etc.).). For example, in the history of chemistry there was a theory of heat transfer from one material object to another with the help of some liquid, which was called "heat" or "phlogiston". Under phlogiston means hypothetical "ultra-thin substance", allegedly filling all combustible substances and released from them during combustion. Phlogiston was presented as a weightless liquid, evaporate substances during combustion. Some experiments with heated bodies to some extent were so well described in the framework of this" phlogiston theory" that it was even possible to predict the results of the process, if the initial conditions were known. The reason for the rejection of these views were experiments in which it was found that the "amount of heat" is not saved. That is, performing work, external forces can produce "heat" in arbitrary quantities. In the 1770s, the theory of "heat" was refuted by the work of Antoine Lavoisier. However, speaking of the theory of phlogiston, Soddy said: "the spirit of chemistry pushed her to pure materialism. Later, the defenders of the theory of phlogiston made a fatal mistake, materializing it. With the ascension of the Scales and weighing as a criterion of material existence, phlogiston, as a material substance, was rejected, and the theory itself fell into a completely undeserved disgrace. In this paper, there are very remarkable circumstances: the heat carrier as a material substance was rejected with the addition of the science of Weights and weighing - in other words, an attempt was made to put an experiment to determine the weight of "caloric content"; when mixing water, it was believed that it does not undergo any physical changes, since it was dominated by the theory of Arrhenius and the structure of water was considered continuous. We have clearly shown that the structure of water has a molecular structure, those when the water is shaken, the triboelectric effects come to the fore, which cause a change in water temperature when shaken. And the value of triboelectric effects depends on the"spent"...power or energy."The use of the postulates of M. Faraday, the classical equations of thermodynamics, the works of D. Mendeleev and other classics of science allows us to improve the theoretical foundations of chemical engineering.