Enhanced immunogenicity of hepatitis B surface antigen by insertion of a helper T cell epitope from tetanus toxoid

Abstract The currently marketed hepatitis B vaccines in the U.S. are based on the recombinant major hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) of hepatitis B virus. Although a large majority of individuals develop protective immunity to HBV-induced disease after three immunizations, routinely a small but a significant percentage of the human population does not respond well to these vaccines. In this report, we describe the generation of a novel HBsAg molecule containing a T h epitope derived from tetanus toxoid (TT). Using recombinant DNA technology, the TT T h epitope (TTe) was inserted into the HBsAg coding sequence. Using a recombinant adenovirus expression system, HBsAg–TTe chimeric protein was produced in A549 cells and found to be secreted into culture medium as 22 nm particles. The chimeric HBsAg particles were readily purified by immunoaffinity chromatography and their immunogenicity was evaluated relative to native HBsAg produced in an adenovirus expression system. When evaluated in inbred and outbred strains of mice, HBsAg–TTe was shown to enhance several-fold the anti-HBs response relative to native HBsAg. Further enhanced responses were observed in mice primed with TT. This highly immunogenic form of HBsAg has promise as an improved HBsAg subunit vaccine.