Impact of Smoking and Tobacco Use on the Severity of COVID-19 Infection

Smoking, in all forms, such as cigarettes, waterpipe, and e-cigarettes, is harmful and proven to cause lung injury In this pandemic era, it is essential to examine potential evidence linking smoking and the risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as well as the prognosis and severity of COVID-19 disease The effect of smoking and nicotine on airway inflammation has been established in multiple studies However, the impact of nicotine on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor remains controversial and calls for more studies