Multi-axis force measurements of polymer friction stir welding

Abstract In this study, high-molecular-weight-polyethylene sheets were welded in the butt-joint configuration in order to investigate the effect of welding parameters on the generated forces during welding. The welding procedure was performed using newly developed clamping device with the ability to measure and acquire the forces during welding in X, Y and Z directions (F X , F Y and F Z ). Using a welding tool with a stationary shoulder and position control, the applied force is kept approximately constant during the entire welding extension. The obtained results enabled the identification of the influence of each individual welding parameter on the applied forces. The axial force is the most influential force during this process, which is responsible for forging pressure and frictional heat, while traverse and rotational speeds have the main effect on the traversing and lateral forces. The developed sensitized clamping system was used in support of welding process optimization to produce quality welds without resourcing to costly force control sensors. Using this device, it was possible to use force as a welding parameter and produce strong welds with mechanical behavior close to the parent materials’.