Tailoring of Effective Refractive Indices: A New Paradigm towards Ultralow Excitation Power of Upconversion Nanoparticles

2020 
The integration of core-multishell nanostructure with upconversion nanoparticles achieve the ultralow pumping power density of 0.7 W cm2 by continuous-wave infrared laser due to the formation of whispering gallery modes with diverse effective refractive indices.
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