Time-resolved comparative metabolomes for Koji fermentation with brown-, white-, and giant embryo-rice

Abstract A time-resolved non-targeted metabolomic study towards evaluating the effects of three rice substrate types viz. , white rice (WR), giant embryo rice (GER), and brown rice (BR), on Koji fermentation was performed. Notwithstanding the relatively higher proportions of metabolites in unfermented BR (BR 0 > WR 0, GER 0), the relative levels of metabolic repertoire in BR Koji were marginally enhanced during 36 h fermentation except those for phenolic acids, fatty acids, and vitamins. The WR Koji showed higher levels of lysophospholipids (LysoPC’s) and protease-released amino acids (WR 36 > GER 36 > BR 36). The higher β -glucosidase activity in GER Koji effected the increased levels of sugars and flavonoid aglycons complementing its higher antioxidant activity (GER Koji  > BR Koji  ∼ WR Koji ). The present study holistically underpins the dynamic metabolomes and enzymatic states during rice Koji fermentation with varying substrate types. The present study finds applications in optimization of commercial Koji production.