Temporal Patterns of 14 Blood Biomarker candidates of Cardiac Remodeling in Relation to Prognosis of Patients With Chronic Heart Failure—The Bio‐SHiFT Study

Background Remodeling biomarkers carry high potential for predicting adverse events in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. However, temporal patterns during the course of CHF, and especially the trajectory before an adverse event, are unknown. We studied the prognostic value of temporal patterns of 14 cardiac remodeling biomarker candidates in stable patients with CHF from the Bio‐SHiFT (Serial Biomarker Measurements and New Echocardiographic Techniques in Chronic Heart Failure Patients Result in Tailored Prediction of Prognosis) study. Methods and Results In 263 CHF patients, we performed trimonthly blood sampling during a median follow‐up of 2.2 years. For the analysis, we selected all baseline samples, the 2 samples closest to the primary end point (PE), or the last sample available for end point–free patients. Thus, in 567 samples, we measured suppression of tumorigenicity‐2, galectin‐3, galectin‐4, growth differentiation factor‐15, matrix metalloproteinase‐2, 3, and 9, tissue inhibitor metalloprote...