distinct articular and endochondral differentiation pathways in bone marrow chondrogenic progenitor cells
2020
Abstract Bone marrow contains skeletal progenitor cells (mesenchymal stem cells) which are important actors in skeletal repair. Nevertheless,
the therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cells for articular cartilage repair remains a challenge with a limited efficacy on both clinical
outcomes and cartilage regeneration. In rabbit periosteal graft models, we show that such skeletal progenitor cells are recruited and
undergo differentiation through different skeletal tissue pathways (bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle) in bone marrow areas that are under
periosteal graft influence. Moreover, histological observations show among cartilage differentiated cells two different cartilage pathways,
corresponding respectively to articular cartilage formations and to endochondral cartilage formations. This underline the presence in
bone marrow of cartilage progenitor cells that escape from the intrinsic endochondral differentiation program resulting in transient
rather than permanent cartilage, and follow a specific articular cartilage differentiation pathway. With respect to tissue engineering,
and while extremely complex techniques are being developed to artificially generate functionally integrated, stratified articular
cartilage like structures, our observations urge the development of protocols that select the proper population of articular cartilage
progenitor cells before its use as cartilage building units. Keywords Articular cartilage repair; Tissue engineering; Skeletal progenitors; Mesenchymal stem cells; Articular cartilage pathway;
Endochondral cartilage pathway; Periosteum
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