Effect of acceptor strength in new acceptor–donor–acceptor-type molecules on their miscibility with donor polymers for bulk-heterojunction fullerene-free solar cells

Abstract We designed and synthesized two kinds of spirobifluorene (SP)-based acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)-type acceptor materials, denoted by SP-IC and SP-TCF, which have an A–D–A structure consisting of a 3D tetrathienospirobifluorene donor core and 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H -inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (IC) or 2-(3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethylfuran-2(5 H )-ylidene)malononitrile (TCF) acceptors as terminal units, respectively. Their LUMO levels (−3.91 eV for SP-IC and −3.97 eV for SP-TCF) are suitable as n-type molecules for PTB7-Th-based polymer solar cells. However, their morphologies in blend films with a conjugated donor polymer, Poly([2,6′-4,8-di(5-ethylhexylthienyl)benzo[1,2-b;3,3-b]dithiophene]{3-fluoro-2[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7-Th), exhibited considerable differences. The PTB7-Th:SP-IC blend film exhibited a better-defined nanophase-separated morphology than PTB7-Th:SP-TCF blend film. The corresponding bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell based on PTB7-Th:SP-IC showed four times higher power conversion efficiency (PCE = 4.50%) than that of PTB7-Th:SP-TCF. The higher PCE was well explained by investigating the morphology, which was affected by the surface energy of the acceptor molecules at the donor–acceptor interface.