Внутрішньоклітинні механізми дії гормонів. Сучасний погляд на проблему і перспективи

The review focuses on the analysis of intracellular signaling mechanisms that mediate the action of hormones and other agonists in target cells, and the evolution of views on classical concepts of hormonal action. The nature of various extracellular carriers of information and receptors, which have evolved to mediate signal transmission, is shown. Emphasis is placed on two main types of receptors, mainly mediating the effects of hormones — G-protein receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Members of the G-protein receptor family use the same type of adapter mechanism that binds the receptor to effector systems inside the cell — GTP-binding proteins. In addition to the well-studied cAMP-dependent signaling system, G-proteins are able to activatemembrane-bound phospholipases, which leads to the activation of a whole complex of lipid messengers, the source of which are not only minor, but also the main phospholipids of the cell membrane. An important event for understanding the action of hormones was the concept of signal duration as one of the key parameters that determines the nature of the final effect. The study of RTK made it possible to identify a number of new mechanisms of receptor activation and marked the beginning of a new era in the study of the molecular basis of cell regulation, and also gave impetus to understanding the molecular mechanisms of oncological transformation of cells, since many oncogenes encode namely tyrosine kinases. The participation of the so-called adapter or scaffold proteins in the organization of the spatio-temporal interaction of signaling factors has been noted. These proteins usually lack enzymatic activity, provide docking sites for other signaling proteins, direct signaling proteins to specific subcellular compartments, and help organize multiprotein signaling complexes. Thus, the current stage in the development of molecular and cellular endocrinology provides the basis for the formation in the future ofan updated picture of the mechanisms of action of hormones and other bioregulators.