Mapping of vascular endothelium in the human flexor digitorum profundus tendon

Abstract Purpose: Previous techniques to delineate the human flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) vasculature have been innovative but potentially imprecise, resulting in uncertainty as to the existence of avascular zones in the flexor tendon. We aimed to use a novel immunohistochemical technique to determine more accurately the vasculature of the human flexor tendon. Methods: Thirty fresh cadaveric human FDP tendons were harvested, fixed, wax embedded, sectioned, and stained using the anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody to allow vessel visualization. Vessel numbers and vascularity density ratios were determined by computed image analysis. Results: Vessel density ratios varied with anatomic location, with a decrease between the A2 and A4 pulleys. There also was variation in vascularity ratios in the anteroposterior plane, with the palmar surface of the tendons having a lower vessel density. Conclusions: We have shown that although areas of low vascularity exist on the palmar aspect of the tendon, there are no truly avascular zones.