High-Efficiency Phosphorescent Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Light-Emitting Diodes Using a Solution-Processed Small-Molecule Emissive Layer

The morphology and optical and electrical properties of solution-processed and vacuum-deposited 4,4′,4″-tris(carbazol-9-yl)triphenylamine (TCTA):2,2′-(1,3-phenylene)bis[5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole] (OXD-7) composite films are investigated. All of the films exhibit smooth and pinhole-free morphology, while the evaporated films possess enhanced carrier-transport properties compared to solution-processed ones. The close correlation between the carrier-transport feature and the packing density of the film is established. High-efficiency monochromatic and white phosphorescent hybrid organic–inorganic light-emitting diodes with solution-processed small-molecule emissive layers are reported: the maximum external quantum efficiencies of blue, yellow, and red devices are 18.9, 14.6, and 10.2%, respectively; white devices show a maximum luminance efficiency of 40 cd A–1 and a power efficiency of 20.8 lm W–1 at 1000 cd m–2. The efficiencies of blue, red, and white devices represent significant improvemen...