Epigenomic features related to microglia are associated with attenuated effect of APOE ε4 on Alzheimer’s disease risk in humans: Human neuropathology: AD neuropathology

Not all APOE e4 carriers who survive to advanced age develop Alzheimer's disease (AD); factors attenuating the risk of e4 on AD may exist. Guided by the top e4-attenuating signals from methylome-wide association analyses (N=572, e4+ and e4-) of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques, we conducted a meta-analysis for pathological AD within the e4+ subgroups (N=235) across four independent collections of brains. Cortical RNA-seq and microglial morphology measurements were used in functional analyses. Three out of the four significant CpG dinucleotides were captured by one principle component (PC1), which interacts with e4 on AD, and is associated with expression of innate immune genes and activated microglia. In e4 carriers, reduction in each unit of PC1 attenuated the odds of AD by 58% (OR=2.39, 95%CI=[1.64,3.46], P=7.08x10-6). An epigenomic factor associated with a reduced proportion of activated microglia (microglial epigenomic factor 1) appears to attenuate the risk of e4 on AD.