Renewable energies in Germany's electricity market : a biography of the innovation process

Acknowledgements.- List of Abbreviations.- List of Figures.- List of Tables.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Introduction to the Methodology.- 2.1 Research Questions and Aim of Research.- 2.2 Procedure.- 2.3 Methodology Used in the Constellation Analysis.- 2.4 Governing Political and Social Processes.- 2.5 References.- 3. Cross-Sectoral Interventions, Events and Processes.- 3.1 Crises As Triggers for Social Rethinking Processes.- 3.1.1 Environmental and Climate Crises.- 3.1.2 Oil Price Crises.- 3.1.3 Nuclear Energy Crisis.- 3.1.4 Energy Supply Crises and Electricity Gap Debate.- 3.1.5 Food Crisis.- 3.2 International Climate Protection Research and Politics.- 3.2.1 International Climate Protection Process.- 3.2.2 Establishment of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) .- 3.3 Incentives for Energy Policy at EU Level.- 3.3.1 Liberalization of the Energy Markets.- 3.3.2 Renewables and Climate Protection Policy at EU Level.- 3.3.3 European Emissions Allowance Trading.- 3.4 Emergence of National Problem Awareness and Process of Institutionalization.- 3.4.1 Institutionalization of Environmental Protection.- 3.4.2 Climate Protection in Politics and Administration.- 3.4.3 Institutionalization of Renewable Energy Policy.- 3.4.4 Establishment of Associations.- 3.5 Energy and Climate Policy Strategies and Objectives at National Level.- 3.5.1 Guidelines on Energy Policy Issued by The Federal Government In 1991.- 3.5.2 Change of Government to Red-Green In 1998.- 3.5.3 National Climate Protection Programs.- 3.5.4 Nuclear Phaseout Resolution of 2001.- 3.5.5 Sustainability Strategy 2002.- 3.6 Government Aid For Renewable Energy.- 3.6.1 Market Incentive Program.- 3.6.2 Federal Research Funding.- 3.6.3 Funding On State Level.- 3.7 Streg and EEG As Key Policy Measures.- 3.7.1 The Electricity Feed-In Act.- 3.7.2 The Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG).- 3.7.3 Integrated Energy and Climate Program of the Federal Government.- 3.8 Environmental and Planning Law For Renewable Energy Projects.- 3.8.1 Amendment of Regional Planning Law.- 3.8.2 Zoning Law / Planning Permission Law.- 3.8.3 Legal Basis For Grid Connection and Grid Expansion.- 3.9 Overall Parameters of the Electricity Sector.- 3.9.1 Integration Of The Electricity Industry In Europe - Actors And Influencing Factors.- 3.9.2 Structure Of The German Electricity Supply Sector.- 3.9.3 Liberalization of the Energy Market - The German Energy Industry Act.- 3.9.4 Current Courses Set In The Energy Sector.- 3.10 References.- 4. Innovation Framework For Generating Biogas and Electricity From Biogas.- 4.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.2 Phase-Based Analysis of the Innovation Process.- 4.2.1 Phase 1: Pioneering Phase - 1970 To 1990.- 4.2.2 Phase 2: First Phase of Emergence Between 1990 and 1999.- 4.2.3 Phase 3: Intensified Emergence Between 2000 and Mid-2004.- 4.2.4 Phase 4: Take-off From Mid-2004 to the End of 2006.- 4.2.5 Phase 5: Setback In Development 2007/2008.- 4.2.6 Consolidation From Mid-2008 Onwards and Future Prospects.- 4.3 References.- 5. Innovation Framework for Generating Electricity From Solar Power.- 5.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 5.2 Phase-Specific Analysis of the Innovation Process.- 5.2.1 Phase 1: Pioneering Phase, 1970 To 1985.- 5.2.2 Phase 2: Stagnation of Industry Engagement, R & D, 1986 to 1991.- 5.2.3 Phase 3: Large-Scale Testing From 1991 to 1994.- 5.2.4 Phase 4: Uncertainty and Slowdown, 1994 to 1998.- 5.2.5 Phase 5: Breakthrough, 1999 to 2003.- 5.2.6 Phase 6: Development Boom From 2004.- 5.3 References.- 6. Innovation Framework For Generating Electricity From Geothermal Power.- 6.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 6.2 Phase-Specific Analysis of the Innovation Process.- 6.2.1 Phase 1: 1985 To 2003, Research & Development, Preliminary Projects To Generate Electricity.- 6.2.2 Phase 2: Formation of Prospective Structures From 2004.- 6.2.3 Outlook.- 6.3 References.- 7. Innovation Framework For Generating Electricity From Wind Power.- 7.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 7.2 Phase-Based Analysis of the Innovation Process.- 7.2.1 Phase 1: Pioneering Phase - Mid-1970s Until 1986.- 7.2.2 Phase 2: Inception - Changing Context of Energy Policy Between 1986 and 1990.- 7.2.3 Phase 3: Breakthrough 1991 to 1995.- 7.2.4 Phase 4: Development Dip in the Mid-1990s.- 7.2.5 Phase 5: Wind Power Boom and Reorganization 1997/98 To 2002.- 7.2.6 Phase 6: Consolidation and Divergence of the Pathway From 2002.- 7.3 References.- 8. Innovation Framework For Generating Electricity From Hydropower.- 8.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 8.2 Hydropower in the Pioneering Phase (Before 1930).- 8.3 Phase-Based Analysis of the Course of Innovation.- 8.3.1 Phase 1: Hydropower Maturation Phase (1930 - 1990).- 8.3.2 Phase 2: Revitalization of Small Hydropower, 1990 - 1999.- 8.3.3 Phase 3: Modernization Under Environmental Constraints, 2000 to the Present.- 8.3.4 Prospects.- 8.4 References.- 9. Cross-Sectional Comparison.- 9.1 Key Driving Forces in the Innovation Biographies.- 9.1.1 Civic Activities, Creative Environment and Pioneers.- 9.1.2 Advocacy Coalitions.- 9.1.3 Political Window.- 9.1.4 Political Strategies and Guiding Principles.- 9.1.5 Institutionalization and Market Incentives.- 9.1.6 Multi-Level Policy as the Motor.- 9.1.7 Technology-bound Driving Forces.- 9.2 Inhibitory Influences in the Innovation Biographies.- 9.2.1 Investment Costs and Limited Resources.- 9.2.2 Inhibitory Advocacy Coalitions.- 9.2.3 Insufficient and Incompatible Infrastructure.- 9.2.4 Loss of Acceptance.- 9.3 Comparison of Innovation Processes: Characteristic Phases and Different Processes.- 9.3.1 Pioneering Phase Or Early Phase Including Pilot Applications.- 9.3.2 Inception.- 9.3.3 Breakthrough.- 9.3.4 Expansion and Boom Phases.- 9.3.5 Phases of Instability and Crisis.- 9.3.6 Phases of Stabilization and Consolidation.- 10. Insights Into the Drivers of Innovation.- 10.1 Phase-Specific Adjustment of Policies.- 10.1.1 Identifying and Strengthening Innovation Processes in the Early Phase.- 10.1.2 On the Path to a Breakthrough - Stimulating the Process in Its Inception Phase.- 10.1.3 In the Expansion Phase: Easing Integration Into the System and Avoiding Acceptance Problems.- 10.1.4 Sustaining Innovation Processes by Corrective Controls.- 10.1.5 Driving Innovation During Unstable Phases.- 10.2 Recognizing and Limiting Unintended Outcomes in a Timely Manner.- 10.3 Integrating Levels of Action and Actors.- 10.3.1 Coordination and Integration of Policy Levels.- 10.3.2 Integrating the Goals of Government Portfolios.- 10.3.3 Integrating Sub-Constellations.- 10.3.4 Planning Policies.- 10.4 Synchronization-based Policy.- 10.4.1 Temporal Synchronization.- 10.4.2 Accumulation of Policy Action.- 10.4.3 Synchronizing Heterogeneous Innovation Processes.- 10.5 Coherent Policies in Complex Constellations.- 10.6 Future Challenges Facing Governance.- Authors' Biographies.- Index of Legal Sources.