Degana (Rajasthan, India) and Tigrinoe (Primorye, Russia) tungsten and tin-tungsten deposits: Composition of mineral-forming fluids and conditions of wolframite deposition

Formation conditions of orebodies and conditions of wolframite deposition at the Degana tungsten deposits in Rajasthan, India and the Tigrinoe tin-tungsten deposit in the Russian Far East were studied. Differences in the composition and state of fluid systems were established by microthermometric study of fluid inclusions (FI) and thorough petrographic examination of FI. At the Degana deposit, the ore veins in granite were formed from K-Na-Ca-(Mg, Fe, etc.) chloride solutions with a salinity up to 36 wt % NaCl equiv at a temperature of >420 to 120°C and under a pressure reaching 1550 bar. The formation temperature of the orebodies hosted in breccia reached 450°C and pressure was below 400 bar. The salinity of mainly Nachloride aqueous solutions was no higher than 18 wt % NaCl equiv. At the Tigrinoe deposit, the temperature during formation of quartz-wolframite-cassiterite veins varied from 420 to 240°C and the pressure was no higher than 300 bar. The salt concentration of Na-chloride solutions was 7-3 wt %. Wolframite crystallized at the very beginning of ore deposition. Probable sources of fluids are discussed. It is suggested that the factors controlling wolframite deposition could have been different even at the same deposit.