Intermolecular Cleavage by the Newt Ribozyme

To analyse the trans-cleavage activity of the hammerhead ribozyme occurring in the ovary of the newt (Notophthalmus, Triturus) in more detail, six synthetic ribozymes representing natural and modified hammerhead sequences were tested with both short oligoribonucleotides and long transcripts as substrates. The same analysis was also performed with the monomer (330 nucleotides) newt ribozyme and variants thereof. None of the ribozymes comprising the newt natural sequence showed activity under multiple turnover conditions, regardless of sequence changes in stem and loop II. With excess of ribozyme, the same ribozymes cleaved only to a limited extent a short substrate and extremely poorly a target site embedded within a long transcript. The addition of whole ovary cell extract had little influence on cleavage activity of short substrates. However, sequence changes in stems I and III to target different sequences considerably improved cleavage ability of the ribozymes under all conditions used. An RNA secondary-structure folding program showed that ribozymes with the natural newt sequence did not fold in a hammerhead structure whereas those with the changes in stem I and III did. These results suggest that the sequence of the stems I and III impairs the assembly of the newt ribozyme into a bimolecular hammerhead complex in vitro and that proteins present in the ovaries do not facilitate activity.