The Structure, Function, and Healing of the Meniscus

The menisci have indispensable functions in the knee joint such as load bearing, shock absorption, articular nutrition, and joint lubrication, along with roles in maintaining joint stability and proprioception. Meniscal tissue loss results in early degenerative changes in the knee joint because of alterations in the loading pattern of articular cartilages. With the improved understanding of the fundamental roles of the menisci and the detrimental effects of their absence, repair of torn menisci, instead of amputation, is supported today. Its healing potential is directly related to its vascularization. The tears of the less-vascularized zone are suggested to be not only repaired but also augmented with various techniques. If it is indicated to perform a segmental meniscectomy in a knee without arthritic changes, it is possible to replace the removed part with a synthetic matrix graft. In patients who had a total meniscectomy, meniscal allograft transplantation can be regarded as a treatment option.