Genome-wide analysis of 5-hmC in the peripheral blood of systemic lupus erythematosus patients using an hMeDIP-chip

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, potentially fatal systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against a wide range of self-antigens. To investigate the role of the 5-hmC DNA modification with regard to the onset of SLE, we compared the levels 5-hmC between SLE patients and normal controls. Whole blood was obtained from patients, and genomic DNA was extracted. Using the hMeDIP-chip analysis and valida- tion by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), we identified the differentially hydroxymethylated regions that are associated with SLE. There were 1,701 genes with signifi cantly different 5-hmC levels at the promoter region in the SLE patients compared with the normal controls. The CpG islands of 3,826 genes showed signifi cantly different 5-hmC levels in the SLE patients compared with the normal controls. Out of the differentially hydroxymethylated genes, three were selected for validation, including TREX1, CDKN1A and CDKN1B. The hydroxymethylation levels of the three genes were confirmed by RT-qPCR. The results suggested that there were significant alterations of 5-hmC in SLE patients. Thus, these differentially hydroxymethylated genes may contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. These fi ndings show the signifi cance of 5-hmC as a potential biomarker or prom- ising target for epigenetic-based SLE therapies.