The Achilles tendon

Abstract The Achilles tendon is subject to two main pathologies: rupture and tendinopathy. The anatomy and biomechanical properties of both the Achilles and the plantaris tendon have a role to play in these. The histology in tendinopathy is primarily non-inflammatory. The available treatment options are eccentric stretching exercises, injection therapies, extracorporeal shock wave treatment, endoscopic, percutaneous or open surgery. The Achilles tendon is the most commonly ruptured tendon and the incidence of rupture is increasing. The injury can be treated with functional rehabilitation or surgery, which may be open, endoscopic or percutaneous.