Multiphoton Imaging of Tumor Biomarkers in situ Using Single-domain Antibodies Conjugated with Quantum Dots in a Set Orientation☆

Abstract The use of photoluminescence (PL) probes in immunodiagnostic procedures requires highly specific and precise labeling of biomarkers and he tags whose PL is easily differentiable from that of the autofluorescence of cells in clinical specimens. Nanoprobes consisting of core/shell quantum dots (QDs), notably CdSe/ZnS ones, and single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) with PL excited in the multiphoton mode meet both requirements. These diagnostic nanoprobes are