Managing adverse temperature conditions through hybrid financial instruments

Estimating a static coefficient for a deseasoned gas storage or weather variable implicitly assumes that market participants react identically throughout the year (and over each year) to that variable. In this analysis we model natural gas returns as a linear function of gas storage and weather variables, and we allow the coefficients of this function to vary continuously over time. This formulation takes into account that market participants continuously try to improve their forecasts of market prices, and this likely means they continuously change the scale of their reaction to changes in underlying variables. We use this model to also calculate conditional natural gas volatility and the proportion of volatility attributable to each factor. We find that return volatility is higher in the winter, and this increase is attributable to increases in the proportion of volatility due to weather and natural gas storage. We provide time series estimates of the changing proportion of volatility attributable to each factor, which is useful for hedging and derivatives trading in natural gas markets. ∗Associate Professor of Finance, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, 840 Wood St. Clarion PA 16214. matt@complete-markets.com