The negative costimulatory molecule PD-1 modulates the balance between immunity and tolerance via miR-21

Disruption of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway leads to breakdown of peripheral tolerance and initiation of autoimmunity. The molecular pathways that mediate this effect remain largely unknown. We report here that PD-1 knockout (PD-1−/−) mice develop more severe and sustained Ag-induced arthritis (AIA) than WT animals, which is associated with increased T-cell proliferation and elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion. MicroRNA analysis of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells revealed a significant upregulation of microRNA 21 (miR-21) in PD-1−/− T cells compared with WT controls. In addition, PD-1 inhibition, via siRNA, upregulated miR-21 expression and enhanced STAT5 binding in the miR-21 promoter area. Computational analysis confirmed that miR-21 targets directly the expression of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and overexpression of miR-21 in cells harboring the 3′UTR of PDCD4 resulted in reduced transcription and PDCD4 protein expression. Importantly, in vitro delivery of antisense-miR-21 suppressed the Ag-specific proliferation and cytokine secretion by PD-1−/− T cells, whereas adoptive transfer of Ag-specific T cells, overexpressing miR-21, induced severe AIA. Collectively, our data demonstrate that breakdown of tolerance in PD-1−/− mice activates a signaling cascade mediated by STAT5, miR-21, and PDCD4 and establish their role in maintaining the balance between immune activation and tolerance.