Design and fabrication of BiV(O, N)4 p-n homojunction solid solutions for enhanced methylene blue degradation via LED light irradiation

Abstract Quantum efficiency of photoelectrons and photoholes depends on both their populations and ability to stay separated before reaching the targeted reaction sites. Hence, we present a design and practice of a new strategy to form BiVO 4 p-n homojunctions by simply controlling the nitrogen doping levels. This is the first time a BiVO 4 p-n homojunction is (1) designed from first principles quantum mechanics, (2) fabricated subsequently using unintentional doping in a single pot, and (3) able to degrade 88% methylene blue dye (MB) in just 20 mins under LED light irradiation. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the fastest degradation rate of methylene blue dyes using BiVO 4 . We also compared the results of our p-n homojunction (un-intentionally doped or U-N-doped) with that of a heterojunction (intentionally-doped or I-N-doped Bi 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 ) with regards to the photocatalytic performance in MB dye degradation. As expected the p-n homojunction out-performs that of the p-n heterojunction, although the heterojunction enables larger photoelectron/photohole populations than that of homojunction. Further, we propose that the formation of BiVO 4 p-n homojunctions was the origin of the recent breakthrough in water splitting research recently reported by Kim et al. (2014). This design strategy and the simple one-pot synthesis technique have immediate implications to solar energy applications beyond dye degradation and water-splitting.