Impact of Yoga on cognition and mental health among elderly: A systematic review

Abstract Background Cognitive decline and psychological health problems are the most frequently observed and under-treated issues among the elderly. Many studies have assessed the efficacy of Yoga on cognitive and mental health parameters among the elderly. However, up to date, there is no systematic review done to evaluate the role of Yoga-based interventions on cognition and mental health in the elderly. Objective This review evaluates the beneficial effect of Yoga in improving cognitive and mental health in the elderly. Methodology A comprehensive search has performed on Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, and PsycINFO electronic database from their inception to January 2019. The literature search was constructed around search term for “mental health”, “cognition”, “yoga” and “elderly”. Out of 3,388 records, we were considered only Randomized control trials (RCTs) with Yoga-based interventions on the older people for this review. Risk of bias was assessed using Delphi list and PEDro criteria. Results After filtering out irrelevant studies, in our search, we come across 13 RCTs, and they included in this systematic review. Of 13 RCTs, four studies assessed only cognitive parameters and five studies assessed only psychological parameters, and four studies evaluated both. Study quality was fair to moderate of included RCTs on the Delphi list and PEDro criteria. Maximum studied variables in cognition were executive functions, memory, attention, and language while in mental health depression, anxiety, stress, and mood. Yoga-based interventions have some beneficial effects on attention, executive functions among cognitive variables, and depression among mental health parameters among the elderly. Conclusion The present review indicates that Yoga-based interventions have some positive evidence in improving attention, executive functions and memory of cognition, while depression in mental health compared to active control among the elderly. However, methodological limitations and small number of studies preclude confirming the potential benefits of Yoga-based interventions on cognition and mental health among the elderly. Further, this review strongly recommends more randomized control trials with standard study methodology, use of validated modules of Yoga intervention, and long term follow up to have definite conclusions.