Emerging ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer disease

Interest in reliable biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been fuelled by challenges in diagnosing the disease and monitoring disease progression as well as the response to therapy. A range of ocular manifestations of Alzheimer's disease, including retinal and lens amyloid-beta accumulation, retinal nerve fibre layer loss and retinal vascular changes, have been proposed as potential biomarkers of the disease. Herein we examine the evidence regarding the potential value of these ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.