Use of epidemiology data to assess the cancer risk of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Abstract Most countries have assessed the human cancer risk of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) by extrapolating from animal data. The 1600-fold variation for acceptable intakes estimated by the Americans, Canadians, and Europeans, however, indicates a large scientific uncertainty about TCDD toxicity. Regulators are attempting to use human epidemiology data to eliminate some of the limitations inherent in using animal data to quantitatively assess cancer risk in humans, particularly now that techniques for measuring TCDD levels in adipose tissue and serum are available. This paper presents an overview of the major epidemiologic studies that associate cancer with TCDD exposure. The actual exposures experienced by the study populations are emphasized. The TCDD serum levels of the Seveso, Italy, residents and of the NIOSH Dioxin Registry participants indicate that these populations hold the best promise for future assessment of the human carcinogenic risk of dioxin. Based on the animal data, however, the calculated risk from these exposures is still moderate compared with high background cancer incidence present in most industrialized countries.