Atmospheric ammonia variability and link with PM formation: a case study over the Paris area

Abstract. The Paris megacity experiences frequent particulate matter (PM 2.5 , PM with a diameter less than 2.5 μm) pollution episodes in springtime (March–April). At this time of the year, large parts of the particles consist of ammonium sulfate and nitrate which are formed from ammonia (NH 3 ) released during fertilizer spreading practices and transported from the surrounding areas to Paris. There is still limited knowledge on the emission sources around Paris, their magnitude and seasonality. Using space-borne NH 3 observation records of 10-years (2008–2017) and 5-years (2013–2017) provided by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) instrument, regional pattern of NH 3 variabilities (seasonal and inter-annual) are derived. Observations reveal identical high seasonal variabilities with three major NH 3 hot spots found from March to August. The high inter-annual variability is discussed with respect to atmospheric total precipitation and temperature. A detailed analysis of the seasonal cycle is performed using both IASI and the CrIS instrument data, together with outputs from the CHIMERE atmospheric model. For months of high NH 3 concentrations (March to August) the CHIMERE model shows good correspondence with correlation slopes of 0.98 and 0.71 when comparing with IASI and CrIS, respectively. It is found that the model is only able to reproduce half of the observed atmospheric temporal NH 3 variability in the domain. In term of spatial variability, the CHIMERE monthly NH 3 concentrations in springtime show a slight underrepresentation over Belgium and the United-Kingdom and overrepresentation in agricultural areas in the French Brittany/Pays de la Loire and Plateau du Jura region, as well as in the north part of Switzerland. Using HYSPLIT cluster analysis of back-trajectories, we show that NH 3 total columns measured in spring over Paris are enhanced when air masses are originated from the Northeast (e. g., Netherlands and Belgium), highlighting the long-range transport importance on the NH 3 budget over Paris. Finally, we quantify the key meteorological parameters driving the specific conditions important for the PM 2.5 formation from NH 3 in the Ile-de-France region in springtime. Data-driven results based on surface PM 2.5 measurements from the Airparif network and IASI NH 3 observations show that a combination of the factors, e. g. a low boundary layer of ~500 m, a relatively low temperature of 5 °C and a high relative humidity of 70 %, contributes to favor PM 2.5 and NH 3 correlation.