Zika virus: History, emergence, biology, and prospects for control
2016
Zika virus (ZIKV), a previously obscure flavivirus closely related to dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis
and yellow fever viruses, has emerged explosively since 2007 to cause a series of epidemics in
Micronesia, the South Pacific, and most recently the Americas. After its putative evolution in sub-Saharan
Africa, ZIKV spread in the distant past to Asia and has probably emerged on multiple occasions into urban
transmission cycles involving Aedes (Stegomyia) spp. mosquitoes and human amplification hosts,
accompanied by a relatively mild dengue-like illness. The unprecedented numbers of people infected
during recent outbreaks in the South Pacific and the Americas may have resulted in enough ZIKV infections
to notice relatively rare congenital microcephaly and GuillaineBarr e syndromes. Another hypothesis
is that phenotypic changes in Asian lineage ZIKV strains led to these disease outcomes. Here, we
review potential strategies to control the ongoing outbreak through vector-centric approaches as well as
the prospects for the development of vaccines and therapeutics
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