Inhibitor of differentiation is overexpressed with progression of benign to malignant lesions and related with carcinoembryonic antigen–related cell adhesion molecule 1 distribution in mammary glands

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the expression and association of inhibitor of differentiation (Id-1) and carcinoembryonic antigen–related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) in benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions of human mammary glands. The study included 97 cases of benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions of human mammary glands including normal terminal duct lobular units, usual ductal hyperplasia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive ductal carcinoma that were surgically excised at the Second Hospital of Shangdong University. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of Id-1 and CEACAM1. The Id-1 expression was increased with the progression of benign to malignant transformation ( P r = 0.279, P r = 0.641, P P