Comparison of chemical binding to recombinant fathead minnow and human estrogen receptors alpha in whole cell and cell-free binding assays†

Little evidence shows in vivo effects of phthalates on reproductive endpoints in fish. While most of the evidence is negative [24,25], a few studies report in vivo effects of phthalates on estrogen-dependent endpoints. Christiansen et al. found that BBP, but not DBP, induced vitellogenin in rainbow trout at concentrations of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg administered via intraperitoneal injection [26]. Kim et al. found that DEHP elicited potentially antiestrogenic effects in female medaka, as evidenced by decreased vitellogenin levels, decreased gonadal-somatic indices, and immature oocytes in DEHP-treated females as compared to their control counter-parts [27].