Chemotherapy can promote liver metastasis by enhancing metastatic niche formation in mice

Abstract Background Some chemotherapeutic agents have been reported to promote lung metastasis. However, there have been no reports regarding chemotherapy-induced liver metastasis. We hypothesized that chemotherapy might also enhance liver metastasis. The present study aimed to create a chemotherapy-enhanced liver metastasis mouse model and investigate its mechanism. Materials and methods Mice were pretreated with cisplatin, vincristine, or saline by intraperitoneal injection. Next, B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and BE(2)-C human neuroblastoma cells were injected into the spleens of C57BL/6 and BALB/c nu/nu mice, respectively, to induce experimental liver metastasis, and the number of liver nodules was determined. We also analyzed the effect of chemotherapy on changes of the liver tissue regarding representative metastasis-promoting factors using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical and histological analysis. Results Cisplatin increased the number of nodules by 4.7-fold in the B16F10 liver metastasis model. Vincristine increased the number of nodules by 3.8-fold in the BE(2)-C liver metastasis model. Cisplatin increased mRNA levels of matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and periostin, while vincristine increased MMP-9 and S100A8/9 levels in liver tissues. Cisplatin induced fibrosis, whereas vincristine induced neutrophil recruitment in liver tissues according to histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Conclusions We concluded that cisplatin or vincristine could enhance liver metastasis of mouse melanoma cells or human neuroblastoma cells, respectively. In addition, the mRNA expression of MMP-2 and periostin, or MMP-9 and S100A8/9 is increased by cisplatin or vincristine pretreatment, possibly resulting in fibrosis or neutrophil recruitment, respectively. These niche factors might be associated with increased liver metastasis.