Analysis of the foveal microvasculature in sickle cell disease using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography

Ischemic microangiopathy was clearly identified in sickle cell disease (SCD) using fluorescein angiography. A prospective observational clinical study was conducted to assess the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and explore perifoveal microvasculature changes in the superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexus using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and compare two genotypes—HbS/HbS (HbSS) and HbS/HbC (HbSC)-to control. All consecutive patients with electrophoretic confirmation of SCD were included. Swept-source OCTA scans (Triton Plus, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) with a 3 × 3-mm scanning area and ultra-wide field (UWF) retinography (California, Optos, Fife, Scotland) were recorded for all patients. For OCTA analysis, preset parameters were used to segment the SCP and DCP. The FAZ area was manually assessed. The number of vascular branching points was automatically assessed based on the vascular skeletonization using ImageJ software. Eyes were staged based on Goldberg’s classification of SCD retinopathy (SCDR) using UWF imaging. Forty-six eyes of 24 patients were included in the HbSS (n = 27) and HbSC (n = 19) groups and 16 eyes of 8 unaffected patients in a control group. In the DCP, the FAZ was significantly larger in the HbSC (p = 0.0001) and HbSS (p = 0.0004) groups compared to controls. The FAZ area in the SCP, CRT and number of superficial vascular branching points did not significantly differ between both genotypes. There were less branching points in the HbSC (p = 0.034) and HbSS (p = 0.0014) groups than in controls. The Goldberg stage was significantly higher in the HbSC group than in the HbSS group (2.21 vs. 1.22, p = 0.0062). OCTA provides useful information on macular microvasculature and structural alterations associated with SCDR. Ischemic abnormalities are more predominant in the DCP in case of SCDR and no difference was found between genotypes of patients visually asymptomatic.