A triadic perspective on control perceptions in youth with type 1 diabetes and their parents: Associations with treatment adherence and glycemic control

Abstract Aims A family approach was applied to examine youth, maternal, and paternal control perceptions in relation to type 1 diabetes outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults. Mean levels of personal and treatment control were compared among patients and parents. Their associations with diabetes outcomes were examined as well. Methods The sample included 330 patient-mother-father triads. Patients’ (48% male) mean age was 18.25 years ( SD  = 2.98). All respondents reported on their control perceptions and youth treatment adherence. Physicians provided HbA1c-values. Results Paired-samples t -tests revealed higher personal control in patients compared to parents. Regression analyses examined if control perceptions predicted treatment adherence and HbA1c. Main effects for patient and maternal personal control and two-way interactions showed the best outcomes when both patients and mothers reported high personal control. Main effects of patient, maternal, and paternal treatment control and three-way interaction terms revealed better outcomes in case of high treatment control in patients and at least one parent, while the poorest outcomes were observed in case of low treatment control in all respondents. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of parental control perceptions on top of patients’ own perceptions. A family perspective on illness perceptions and their associations with diabetes outcomes is encouraged.