Artifacts and diagnostic pitfalls on magnetic resonance imaging: a clinical review

: High field MRI of the brain occasionally exhibits imaging artifacts; most artifacts are obvious and easily recognized, but some are subtle and mimic disease. A thorough understanding of brain MRI artifacts is important to avoid potential diagnostic pitfalls. Some imaging techniques or procedures could be utilized to remove or identify artifacts. These include additional projections, different pulse sequence, and 90 degree shift of phase-encoding gradient. The use of respiratory gating or cardiac gating may also improve image quality by reducing some of the motion-related artifacts.