Simulation of biopsy bevel-tipped needle insertion into soft-gel

Abstract Planning and practice of surgical procedures can be improved through the use of modelling. This study provides an insight into the biopsy needle (i.e. hollow cannula) and needle-tissue interactions using a modelling approach, thus enabling the optimization of needle-tip designs not only for training but also for the planning of surgical procedures. Simulations of needle insertion into agar gel were performed using a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian based finite element (FE) analysis, adapted for large deformation and tissue fracture. The experimental work covers needle insertion into 3% agar gel using a needle with a beveled tip of various angles, to assess the validity of the simulation. The simulated needle deflection and insertion force for two needles (i.e. Needle 1 with 18° bevel angle and Needle 2 with 27° bevel angle) were compared with corresponding experimental results. The contact stress (i.e. contact pressure) on the needles from the agar gel during the insertion of the needles were also studied. Observations indicate that varying the needle bevel angle from 27° to 18° results in a decrease of the peak force (i.e. puncture force) and an increase in needle deflection. Quantitatively, the percentage errors between the experimental data and the FE model for the total insertion force along the z-direction (i.e. Z Force) for Needle 1 and 2 were 4% and 4.8% (p > 0.05), respectively. Similarly, needle deflection percentage errors along the x-z plane were 5.7% and 10% respectively. Therefore, the forces and needle deflection values predicted by the simulation are a close approximation of the experimental model, validating the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian based FE model. Thus, providing an experimentally validated model for biopsy and cytology needle design in silico that has the potential to replace the current build and break approach of needle design used by manufacturers.