Biocatalysts and Enzyme Technology

Preface.1 Introduction to Enzyme Technology.1.1 Introduction.1.2 Goals and Potential of Biotechnological Production Processes.1.3 Historical Highlights of Enzyme Technology/Applied Biocatalysis.1.4 Biotechnological Processes: The Use of Isolated or Intracellular Enzymes as Biocatalysts.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzyme-Based Production Processes.1.6 Goals, and Essential System Properties for New or Improved Enzyme Processes.1.7 Exercises.2 Basics of Enzymes as Biocatalysts.2.1 Introduction.2.2 Enzyme Classification.2.3 Enzyme Synthesis and Structure.2.4 Enzyme Function and its General Mechanism.2.5 Free Energy Changes and the Specificity of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions.2.6 Equilibrium- and Kinetically Controlled Reactions Catalyzed by Enzymes.2.7 Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions.2.8 End-points of Enzyme Processes and Amount of Enzyme Required to Reach the Endpoint in a Given Time.2.9 Enzyme-catalyzed Processes with Slightly Soluble Products and Substrates.2.10 Stability, Denaturation, and Renaturation of Enzymes.2.11 Better Enzymes by Natural Evolution, in vitro Evolution, or Rational Enzyme Engineering.2.12 Exercises.3 Enzymes in Organic Chemistry.3.1 Introduction.3.2 Examples.3.3 Exercises.4 Enzyme Production and Purification.4.1 Introduction.4.2 Enzyme Sources.4.3 Improving Enzyme Yield.4.4 Increasing the Yield of Periplasmic and Extracellular Enzymes.4.5 Downstream Processing of Enzymes.4.6 Exercises.5 Application of Enzymes in Solution: Soluble Enzymes and Enzyme Systems.5.1 Introduction and Areas of Application.5.2 Space-Time-Yield and Productivity.5.3 Examples for the Application of Enzymes in Solution.5.4 Membrane Systems and Processes.5.5 Exercises.6 Immobilization of Enzymes (Including Applications).6.1 Principles.6.2 Carriers.6.3 Binding Methods.6.4 Examples: Application of Immobilized Enzymes.6.5 Exercises.7 Immobilization of Microorganisms and Cells.7.1 Introduction.7.2 Immobilization by Aggregation/Flocculation.7.3 Immobilization by Entrapment.7.4 Adsorption.7.5 Adhesion.7.6 Outlook: Designed Cells.7.7 Exercises.8 Characterization of Immobilized Biocatalysts.8.1 Introduction.8.2 Factors Influencing the Space-Time Yield of Immobilized Biocatalysts.8.3 Effectiveness Factors for Immobilized Biocatalysts.8.4 Mass Transfer and Reaction.8.5 Space-Time Yields and Effectiveness Factors for Different Reactors.8.6 Determination of Essential Properties of Immobilized Biocatalysts.8.7 Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Data for Immobilized Biocatalysts.8.8 Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts for Enzyme Processes in Aqueous Suspensions.8.9 Improving the Performance of Immobilized Biocatalysts.8.10 Exercises.9 Reactors and Process Technology.9.1 Types of Reactors.9.2 Case Study 1: The Enzymatic Production of 7-ACA from Cephalosporin C.9.3 Residence Time Distribution, Mixing, Pressure Drop and Mass Transfer in Reactors.9.4 Process Technology.9.5 Exercises.Appendix I: The World of Biotechnology Information: Eight Points for Reflecting on Your Information Behavior.91 Thinking About Your Information Behavior.2 Playing with Databases and Search Terms.3 Tutorials, Subject Gateways and Literature Guides.4 Using Your Local Library.5 Using Encyclopedias.6 Searching Journal Articles, Patents, and Data.7 After Searching: Evaluating and Processing Information.8 Information and the World.Appendix II: Symbols.Subject Index.