Can I get a witness? Using vicarious defeat stress to study mood-related illnesses in traditionally understudied populations

Abstract The chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of neurobiology relevant to affect-related illnesses, including major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the classic CSDS procedure is limited by its exclusive application to adult male rodents. We have recently developed a novel vicarious social defeat stress (VDS) procedure wherein one mouse witnesses the physical defeat bout of a conspecific from the safety of an adjacent compartment. This witness mouse develops a similar behavioral phenotype to that of the mouse that physically experiences social defeat stress, modeling multiple aspects of MDD. Importantly, this new procedure allows researchers to perform VDS in males or females, and in juvenile mice – which typically are excluded from classic social defeat experiments. Here we discuss several recent advances made using this procedure, and how its application provides a new preclinical approach to study the neurobiology of psychological stress-induced phenotypes.